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[转帖]古代楹联中的书情读趣

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发表于 2007-11-6 21:47:46 | 只看该作者 回帖奖励 |倒序浏览 |阅读模式
<p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">自北宋真宗赵恒亲笔题写《权学诗》“富家不用买良田,书中自有千钟粟。安房不用架高梁,书中自有黄金屋。娶妻莫恨无良媒,书中自有颜如玉。出门莫恨无随人,书中车马多如簇。男儿欲遂平生志,六经勤问窗前读”以来,读书风气遍布大江南北。很多学子文人为激励自己或后辈勤勉于学,都喜欢在书房、厅堂、主要道衢书写对联,以不断告诫自己或大家获得新的进步。笔者将六幅有代表意义的楹联加以简析,公诸读者,希望有助于各位学子仁人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">张居正是明代一代名相。他书题与北京文华殿的楹联是:“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">四海升平,翠幄雍容探六籍;万几清暇,瑶编披览惜三余。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">”“三余”,是指三国时学者董遇关于惜时的“读书三余说”,即“冬者岁之余,夜者日之余,阴者时之余”,意在勉励学子们抓紧冬日农闲季节、夜间及阴雨天读书学习。“六籍”指六经,含礼、乐、射、御、书、数。张居正身居宰相高位,也不忘劝勉学子文人甚或当时皇帝。这联将歌颂太平盛世之意寓于勤勉读书之辞,却也不落俗套。当然,这联更多的是为皇帝及王室成员憩息读书的斋室撰写的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">南宋学者郑樵为自己的夹漈草堂题写的楹联是:“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">三十年力学不下山,度量包罗天地;五百部著书曾诣阙,精神贯彻古今。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">”这显然是勉励自己做学问要有恒心、有毅力、不怕苦、不怕累,唯其如此,方有巨大著述成就。果真,在这种思想的指导下,他后来成为了南宋一代学者的代表,其精神激励了数代读书人。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">我们再看清朝朱洊书写在自己勤志堂里的楹联:“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">士所尚在忘,行远登高,万里鹏程关学问;业必精于勤,博闻强识,三余蛾术惜光阴。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">”“士子”指读书人。“蛾术”是一个典故,出自《礼·学记》:“蛾子时术之。”意思是,蛾蚁虽然是小虫,但也时时不会忘记连续地劳作,从而渐渐地就能积土成堆。这幅对联在化用韩愈名句“业精兵于勤荒于嬉”的过程中,旗帜鲜明地告诫自己,求学问要有意志、有毅力、珍惜时间、积少成多。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: 楷体_GB2312;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">当然,在诸多劝学对联中,也有书写得具有轻松愉快风格的,如清朝的桑孜甫书于自己私塾书室里的,就是代表,显得很诙谐又具备一定哲理:“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">放开肚皮吃饭,抖起精神读书。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">”身体是行一切事的本钱。这位老先生对的学生要求,很符合当今“德智体”发展的具体规定,颇有先进思想,却又非常通俗易懂。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">与此相似的,也有清代官员陈昌齐,他书于自己官署的对联是:“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">竖起脊梁立行,放开眼孔观书。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">”将求学和修身等同起来,有一定眼光。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">我国民间的读书风气一向浓厚与兴盛。江苏吴江市同里镇小东溪桥联是:“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 宋体;">一泓月色含规影,两岸书声接榜歌。</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">”同里是江南著名的文化古镇,水光山色,风景优美。小镇四面环水,每当夜深人静,充盈如规的月亮倒映水中,船民驾着轻舟,荡散月影,一路驶来,两岸人家飘出悦耳的读书声,与船弥嗯的歌声一起留在寂静的夜空。这幅对联以清新的语言描绘了以幅清新的画面,散发出江南水乡特有的清新气息。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt; TEXT-INDENT: 24pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; TEXT-ALIGN: left; mso-pagination: widow-orphan; mso-char-indent-count: 2.0;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">我国古代,特别是两宋和明清文人精心创作了大量诗情洋溢、情趣盎然的读书楹联。这些楹联很多是为读书处所、藏书楼阁以及经常举行文化雅集活动的园林宅第拟写的,但其中往往飘洒出浓郁的古文化特色。认真品味,我们会获得不少收益的。</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 170%; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-bidi-font-family: 宋体; mso-font-kerning: 0pt;"><p></p></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span lang="EN-US"><font face="Times New Roman">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; </font></span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">最后,我用北京故宫阅是楼的著名楹联为结束语,来与大家共勉:“</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 12pt; FONT-FAMILY: 楷体_GB2312; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">开窗鱼鸟含天趣,欹案诗书味道腴。</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">”</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="MARGIN: 0cm 0cm 0pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体; mso-ascii-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-hansi-font-family: 'Times New Roman';">-------------------------<a href="http://www.zcwin.com/"><font color="#3d5a83">西园文学网</font></a>&gt;&gt;</span></p>

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