|
<p><font size="2"><font color="#ff0000"><strong><font color="#e6f3cd" size="6" style="BACKGROUND-COLOR: #800000;">词曲通义</font></strong></font></font></p><p><font size="2"><font color="#ff0000">绿醑 校对整理<span lang="en-us"> </span></font></font></p><p><font size="2"><font color="#ff0000"><span lang="en-us">---------------------------------</span></font></font></p><p><font size="2"><font color="#ff0000"><span lang="en-us"></span></font></font></p><font size="2"><font color="#ff0000"><span lang="en-us"><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">一</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red;">
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">大意</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">研究学问,虽以分析细密为贵,但学问本身有时乃整个的,若经不适当之分析,每每流为破碎,不能作鸟瞰,不能得概观,根本意义固易于遗忘,部分主张又易于偏颇。如词曲同为合乐之声文,同有由诗由词蜕化递变之历史,体调则小部分相同,大部分相类,二者关系之密切,殆难缕尽。虽音乐文字,性质有殊,歌者,咏者,不能强其兼顾,而研究词曲之学者,则不宜于二者之间,再分划鸿沟,顾彼而遗此也。故《词曲通论》之氨要,实有过于《词曲专论》者矣。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">大概词与曲合并研究,仍益得词之用;曲与词合并研究,乃益得曲之体。常人看词,以为无非嘲风弄月,感时伤世,一人之言,一人之感居多;而不知词在昔时,固曾做到与今日之戏曲同一作用者,其言其事,并非仅涉一人而已也。常人看曲,以为是金元人之创格,为先代所未有;而不知其作用虽因文衍声,因声致容,灿然大备,为词所不及,若论其体制,则宫调,牌名,联套数,演故事等等,固无一不种远因于词,无一不具刍形于词,无一不从词中转变增衍而出也。常人以为词与曲同为长短句,同为抒情写怨之小品文字,上与诗文别,下与小说别,若其词与曲之彼此间,应无甚别也</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;">;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">而不知在风恪上与作用上,二者适处于刚、柔、深、广,相反相对之地位,有过于诗与词间,曲与小说间之为别也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">将词与曲作合并之研究,但求两方面之通解,而不涉及专论,且意取要而辞取约,俾学者于最短之时间,得最精之通义,是此篇之大旨也。兹分源流、体制、牌调、音谱、意境、性质、派别,七端以立言</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">不尽之意,列为余论</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">并选名作三十二首,以为例证。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">二</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">源流</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词源于诗,而流为曲;曲源手词,而流为小曲,为乱弹、戏文——此词曲源流之显然者也。顾词曲皆合乐之韵文,先有音乐,后有文字;乐成而文始生,乐变而文亦变,某所以成者,即具所源,其所以变者,即其所流。唐之中叶,边地胡乐,渐入中土,当时所盛行之七言绝诗乐府,至是大受影响,混和杂揉,而另成新音,非七言绝诗之文字所能附,于是歌者咏者,均按新谱,多填实字,以传泛声,而长短句兴矣。词乐传入金元,不合于异族之声,不谐于北人之口。顾彼族初又本无何种乐府体裁,而长短句之制,则吻合语调,南北无间,于是变其声音之柔曼,而沿其句法之长短,词乃流而为曲矣。曲乐既成于北人,自然又不谐于南人之口;南人之词乐虽久已衰,而未尽沦废;调和于宋词元曲之间,而别成二格,于是乎有南曲。元人入主中华,势在北人,故北曲盛</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;">;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">朱明取而代之,治权重还吾汉族,势在南人,故南曲盛。曲之流行,遍于民间,民间变其声词,以畅情思,于是乎有小曲。曲有杂剧、传奇,而吾国戏剧之体始粗具;但至明季,声音只囿于昆腔,过于和雅平静,不能赅括人情,于是海盐、弋阳,殊方而异乐;特论戏剧之制,则虽后至皮黄京戏,亦仍渊源于元明之剧曲耳。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">论文字之源流,词有诗人之词,有词人之词,有伶工之词;曲有曲家之曲,有文人之曲,有民间之曲。诗人之词源于齐梁乐府之</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">靡</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,五七言绝句之</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">逸</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">。</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">靡</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">者渐成词之</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">婉约</span><span lang="EN-US">";"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">逸</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">者渐成词之</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">空灵</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">。至词人之词,则专趋</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">婉约</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">一途,由</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">凝重</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">而入</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">晦滞</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,以至于不可通、不能进之境。曲家之曲,始也出于创造者多,不源于词人之词,而转与诗人之词相近。元人小令。与唐人绝句,五代小词,每多沆瀣一气者,是其证也。至于明人,南曲滥作,盛行</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">南词</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,盖隐隐以南宋之词,为曲之源本,在词已属不可通,不可进者,而曲乃拾其余慧,曲于是大弊关。至于清人,一说元元明之粗犷琐陋,无论传奇,小令,要以雅驯出之,所谓</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">文人之曲</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">兴,而曲之全神,亦终不能复矣。至于伶工之词,不必皆作于伶工,多由文人作之而付与伶工,以成其声者,急就之章,本不以词重,于源流无甚关合。若民间之曲,转与曲家之曲,同一当行,元时倡夫绿巾之作,固不能与伶工之词同一漠视,而许多无名氏之篇章,尤占有重要地位,俱亦足以表见曲之创造精神也。夫诗乐不能通于民间,而词乐与词乃兴</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词乐无所合于民间,而曲乐与曲乃兴</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">北曲不能遍于民间,而南曲乃兴。</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">民间</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">者</span><span lang="EN-US">,</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乐府之所居也。</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">民问</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">变则乐府亦必变。</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">民间</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">又因时间而变,此音乐文字所似各有其时代</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">时代所以与文学之源流有关者,即以民间之故也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">总之,论词曲之源流,音乐在先,文字在后。于人有士大夫与民间之关系,于地有南与北之关系,于政治有汉族与异族更迭为主之关系,均不可忽。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">三</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">体制</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left;">(这里表不能显示,遗憾)</p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">表内有数种体制名称,普通不常见者,兹略释之——</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词中</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">摘遍</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,乃宋人从大曲之许多遍内,摘取其一,单谱而单唱之,遂离开原来之大遍,而为寻常之散词矣。如</span><span lang="EN-US"> [</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">薄媚摘遍</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃摘取</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">薄媚</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">大曲中入破第一之一遍是也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">“序子”乃词调中之最长者,四叠,其拍节破碎,今只传《莺啼序》一调而已。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> "</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">叠韵</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃将寻常双调之体,用原韵再叠一倍,成为四叠也。如晁无咎之</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">梁州令叠韵</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">。四叠,一百字,乃将晏几道二叠五十字之</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">梁州令</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">加倍而成者。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> "</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">双拽头</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃三叠之慢词。前两叠短,而彼此句法完全相同,不啻乃第三叠之双头焉。如《瑞龙吟》是。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">“法曲”,“曲破</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">大曲”,</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">鼓吹</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,“诸宫调</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,</span><span lang="EN-US"> "</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">赚词”,</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">杂剧词”等,看《宋史乐志》,《武林旧事》,</span>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《钦定词谱》末卷,《宋元戏曲史》第四章,及《宋大曲考》等书。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">曲中“摘调”,乃从套曲中摘取某一调声文并美者,单唱之如小令也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">“重头</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;">"</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃用同调之曲,重复作数首也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">小令内演故事之异调间列一种,指如王晔《双渐小青问答》而言,见《乐府群玉》内。用数调间隔排列,而便于文字中设成问答,彼此代言,以演故事也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">“院本”看《宋元戏曲史》第十三章。《时剧》看《纳书楹曲谱》及《弦索调时剧新谱》。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">观于上表,可知词与曲之体制之间,有五种关系,应注意者——</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">甲</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">确是一体,曲由词变者。如词之寻常散词,与曲</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">之寻常小令,词之成套者,与曲之套数等,最为显著。即词</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">之犯调,与曲之集曲,词之联章,与曲之重头等,亦此一</span>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">类,不难由比较而得也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乙</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">并非一体,而极相当者。如词中大遍,则当于曲</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">中套数,词中杂剧词则当于曲中杂剧传奇;词中摘遍则当于</span>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">曲中摘调等皆是。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">丙</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">仅是一体,词曲难分者。此种专指诸宫调与赚词</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">两种而言。因二者发生,确在宋时,故前表中姑列在词之范</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">围以内。实则宋时诸宫调失传,所用究竟是寻常词调与否不</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">可知,而金元以后之诸宫调所用,乃词曲杂揉之物,今日既</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">不能言词专有诸宫调,亦不能言曲专有诸宫调也。赚词一</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">种,体制首尾,调名字句,无一不似元曲,则其去词甚远可</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">知;但元曲牌调中,又绝无谦词所用之诸调,殆亦两无所</span>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">归,而进退失据者也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">丁</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">由词变曲,其体发达者。如词之成套,变为曲之</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">成套是。词中大遍,无论法曲、大曲,皆有散序、歌头,即</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">等于套曲之散板引子;大曲之有杀衮,即等于套曲之有煞</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">尾。故法曲、大曲虽为一调之多遍相联,实已确具成套之形</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">式;质言之,即套词之一种也。故套之在词,初为一调多遍</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">者,既为一宫多调者,将变成曲,则诸宫调亦可联套;已变</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">成曲,则一套中有借宫之制;再进一步,则南北殊声者,亦</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">可联合而为套矣。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">戊</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">由词变曲,其体退化者。如词之寻常散词,变成</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">曲之寻常小令是。盖在词中,凡体调双叠、三叠、四叠者,</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">必不容割去下叠或下数叠不填;一至曲中,则虽有么篇或么</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">篇换头,向例略而不填也</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">惟有少数例外</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">。故词调有二百</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">余字极长者</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">至曲调则除增句格,带过曲,或集曲外,大都</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">不满百字。前后相较。显然退化也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">凡此变迁消长之间,所发生之异同繁简,各有程限,亦</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">各有原故,求词曲之通解者,不可忽焉。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">四</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">牌调</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">因词曲为纯粹合乐之韵文,音乐方面既有音谱之成立与变化,故文字方面亦有牌调之成立与变化。词乐既亡,词乐与曲乐间之沿革,遂难详考</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">但词之牌调,固完全存在也,则与曲之牌调一经比较以后,词乐与曲乐间之关系,亦可以得其大概矣——此牌调不可忽视者一也。更舍去歌唱,而只专从文字方面之吟讽以言:词曲乃极讲声律之韵文、美文,不但合乐以后,歌唱美听,即不明音谱,不能歌唱之人,只调之于唇吻喉舌之间,曼声讽诵,亦每觉有一种谐和圆融,足以激增情感者。倘作词曲而不含牌调,即是根本上遗弃词曲之特长</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">倘读词曲而错其句读,戾其平仄,则并词曲之形体而毁灭之矣,尚何词曲之可云——此牌调不可忽视者二也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">杜文澜刻《词律》,附《词律拾遗》,共戟八百七十余调,二千六百七十余体,可以假设为词调较备之数</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;">;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">若《饮定词谱》之二千三百二十六体,《历代诗余》之一千五百四十调,均靠不住也。《北词广正谱》载调四百四十七,《南词定律》载调一千三百四十二,合计一千七百八十九调,可以假设为曲调较备之数。但从杜书以后所发见之宋元词集中,可以补出不少新调;益以明清词人自度之新腔,则将词调补足一千之数,殊非难事。而元人曲调,后世谱书所失载,如见于永乐间《诸佛名歌》等书者,已经可数;明清人传奇中之新犯调,新集曲,为已前谱书所无者,益不胜枚举,补足曲调至二千之数,或亦在意中也。然则词调与曲调之数目,大概为一与二之比也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词曲牌调繁衍之迹,不甚相同。词调繁衍途径有五</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">: (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃由繁入简,先有大曲,然后有法曲,有摘遍,有慢词。</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃由简至繁,先有小令,然后有引近,有慢词,有序子。</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃谱拍间之变化,如小令之有添声、偷声、减宇、促拍、摊破等;令、引、近、慢间之有犯调,集调等。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">四</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃自度腔,知音者率意吹管成腔,然后填词。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">五</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃自制腔,善文者率意为长短句,然后制谱。曲调繁衍,南北情形不同,北曲不过三分之一渊源于古曲与宋词,其余三分之二皆属创造;南曲则三分之一源于宋词,三分之一源于北曲,三分之一出于集曲。至于今后,词乐既亡,如清人之用集曲办法来集词调者,殊觉无聊;集曲之法,惟南曲在昆腔之中,尚能沿用不辍耳。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词调与曲调间之变迁,其显而易见者,约有九种:</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">名同调同,曲借词用,丝毫不变者,如</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">点绛唇</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">太常引</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">等是。</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">名同调同,而词易为曲,颇有变动者,如</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">醉花阴</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,在词每片句法为七五五四五,在曲则为七七五四五三三七。</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">名同调异,而曲中借名之由,一时无可寻迹者,如</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">醉落魄</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">感皇恩</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">等是。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">四</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">名相同或相似尚可见,而调之同异己不可知者,如词中大曲有</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">降黄龙</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">之前衮、中衮等名目,而调已失传,不知与北曲中之</span><span lang="EN-US"> [</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">降黄龙衮</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">同异若何。</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">五</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">名异调同,曲借词用,仅换一名者,如曲之</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">柳外楼</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">即词之</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">亿王孙</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">等。</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">六</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">名异调同,而曲中略增格律者,如曲之</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">一半儿</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">亦即词之</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">忆王孙</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,惟末句增作九句,且必作“一半儿”云云之之格耳。</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">七</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">名异调同,而曲中略减格律者,如曲中</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">也不罗</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">即词中</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">喜迁莺</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,但减去换头不用耳。(八)名既相似,而调确有关者,如曲之</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">捣白练</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">与词之</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">捣练子</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,起处同为三言两句。</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">九</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">名虽相似,而调并无类者,如词之《拨棹子》与曲之</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">川拨棹</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,词之</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">三台</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">伊州三台</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,与曲之</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">鬼三台</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">、</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">耍三台</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">等是。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词曲形式,所异于他种韵文者,有三点</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">: (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃句法长短,</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃平仄和谐。</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">三)乃叶韵自然。此三者皆表现于所谓牌调申。句法既长短不齐,乃与语调接近;平仄既</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">和谐,叶韵既自然,乃于抑扬顿锉之间,摇曳生姿。唐人短</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">调,多用单数字之句,三言,五言,七言;间有一二双数字</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">之句配置其间,极为匀称,尤见谐婉,而宜于讽咏。至于宋人慢词,则字数、句数,俱多骈偶,不含语调,文字遂尔艰</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">深,而词之生气,乃渐薄关。及元人之曲,句法之长短,陡</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">然发达,且超过唐人短调,更大兴衬字与一韵到底、平仄互</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">叶之制,不但吻合语调,流利生动,且于起落振荡之间,极</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">尽排奡驰骤之趣,迥非宋词长调所能及矣。但易北为南,则</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">又入宋诃长调窠日。集曲盛行,撏撦堆嵌,益觉饾饤破碎,</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">音乐方面容有所取,文字方面终难振拔矣。其故诚不仅由</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">于调式,而凋式与音谱、文字间之关系,固展转相生,互为</span>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">因果也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">更有一通义,无论填词谱曲不可不知者:词曲之作用,原均在唱;不能歌唱,而只吟讽,则遇拗句涩腔,辄觉不谐;惟拗句涩腔,调于唇吻之间,颇有别趣,每得不谐之谐,特不能人人强同耳。拈调填词者,果好其调则用之,不好则不用。若既用以后,于昔人歌唱之谐,与夫体式之要,必须一一还其本来,不容随意改抹,甚至荡废灭裂。固不必遏阻目前一己之快,以迁就古人过去之体,亦不可混乱古人已成之体,以逞自己一时之快。不好之则不用之可,若用之而复乱之,终不足为训矣。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">五</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">音谱</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left;">(这里的音谱也无法显示,哎)</p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">观于此表,可知以音谙、拍眼等为别,则南宋之时,在所谓词曲范围以内者,实有九种不同之体裁,大可注意也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">元曲盛行之时,宋词己升至大乐之地位,当时只有</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">天仙子</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">蝶恋花</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">等十余调尚传唱。观杨朝英《阳春白雪》所载可知。南曲盛行以后,北曲又渐如宋词之绝响。元时南曲</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">如《琵琶记》等,犹用弦索,以为正音,明人唱南曲,乃改用笛管。直至正德间,金元杂剧与南戏之唱法犹传</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">见何良俊《三家村老委谈》</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">。嘉隆之际,魏良辅创成昆腔,风靡一世,元人之南北曲唱法,都为掩盖,而遂寂然遏灭,及今虽求如宋词之姜谱张说者,刖供考证,并不可得矣。惟昆腔亦非赤手空拳所能造成者,其中必有若干部分因袭于元乐;徒以元乐如何,毫无所知,今日虽欲就昆腔内辩别出之,竟无从着手也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">昆腔始兴,仅用于当时新制之传奇散曲;自后渐将前人之南曲,前人之北曲,亦皆谱成昆腔,其势乃大盛,与其先后同时所作之海盐弋阳诸腔,均不能抗,于是自明之嘉隆,至于清之乾嘉,三百年间,吾国之乐府一席,惟让昆腔独占耳。明季犹无正式谱书。清康熙间,吕士雄等编《南词定律》,仅及南曲;乾隆间,周祥钰等编《九宫大成南北词宫谱》,不但南北曲调各具谱拍,并宋元词调,亦罗列大半,演成昆腔</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;">;</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">此可渭昆腔极盛之业矣。后来许宝善编《自怡轩词谱》,谢元淮编《碎金词谱》,即就《九宫大成谱》取材,而加以改订者。惟以昆腔唱宋词,在昆腔固无所不可,在宋词则终觉不伦不类,不足为训耳。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">昆腔之音谱,即所谓腔格也,分主腔与小腔两种。主腔因调而异;调之句法、四声,各各不同,故主腔亦不同。大概平声以本为主</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">上声自低而高</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">去声自高而低</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">入声与平声同。小腔所以联络主腔,曼声应拍。昆腔之拍眼甚复杂</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">板舌正、赠两种</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">正板又有头、腰、底三种</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">眼有中、小两种。其应用也,有无板之调,有散板之调</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">即每旬断处有一底板而己</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,有一板一眼之调,有一板三眼之调,有一板三眼而又加赠板之调。各调中正板之数有定,其地位因句中字数而异。昆腔之歌唱也,每一宇有吐宇、收声、归韵,三种阶段</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">其间有种种口法,要将其字之四声、阴阳、清浊,完全表示正确而后己。盖吾国字音,欲说得准,近有所谓国语;欲唱得准,早有所谓昆腔,其他京调,小曲,以及外国乐谱中之唱歌等,皆不足以语此。此昆腔所具之特点,国人语言文字之声音一日不改,昆腔有保存一日之价值也。惟其音调只是平和纯雅而已,虽北曲兼用乙凡二音,而又不用赠板者,亦未见其如何</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">健捷激袅</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,与“惆怅雄壮”也。况人情时有变迁,今之人情已非昆腔之所能感发,某应用之时代已过,今后惟有从事国乐之人,应负其永久流传之责;勿令与宋词元曲之乐,同一沦废耳。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">论词曲宫调之源流与沿革,则大概如下:古代制乐之初,理想之全声乃以十二律乘七音,共有八十四调之多。后世省声,仅以十二律乘四声,简四十八调而已。宋之燕乐,又独选夹钟为律本,四音备得七调,共二十八调而已——此即宋词宫调之体也。惟宋词于二十八调中,只用七宫十二调,共十九调</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">正宫,高宫,中吕宫,道宫、南吕宫,仙吕宫,黄钟宫,大石调,双调,小石调,歇指调,商调,越调,般涉调,中吕调,正平调,高平调,仙吕调,黄钟羽</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">。至金元北曲,则仅存六宫十一调。共十七调</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">比宋词十九调少高宫,中吕调,正平调,仙吕调,黄钟羽,而多出角调,商角调,宫调</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">。至元明南曲,则十三调</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">比宋词十九调少高官,道宫,及中吕调以下五调。而多出一羽调</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">或九宫。至昆腔,南北兼有,亦只余六宫十二调共十八调</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">比宋词十九调少高宫,中吕调,正平调,仙吕调,黄钟羽,而多出羽调,商角调,宫调,角调</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,而常用者不过九调</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">正宫,中吕宫,南吕宫,仙吕宫,黄钟宫,大石调,双调,商调,越调</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">而已。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">六</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">意境</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词之意隐,曲之意显。隐者必需揣摩,一经揣摩,容易误会</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">显者可免思索,但不加思索,又容易忽略。误会者失之大过,是厚诬作者,忽略者失之不及,是深负作者。看他人所为之词曲,若不能得其适当之度,真实之境,则自己之作,必亦难于入彀,故意境一层,不可以不省焉。意境之于词,较曲为尤要,兹先述词之意境——</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">诗中六义,词得其风与比、兴者多,而曲得其赋与雅、颂者多。三百篇之所以均吾国韵文之极轨者,不必以其六义也,而实以其六义之外之一总义,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">真</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">是也。故后世继起之韵文,虽用比、兴之法,倘情志浮伪者,比、兴终不足以增其一毫之价值也。唐五代北宋词,皆未尝失真。至南宋,乃不尽然;但亦不过辞甚于意而己,并未秘奥其体,而矜炫翼事也。元明乃曲之时代,词殊不昌。清人为学,虽能核实,而凡事求尊正统,每每反而失之偏谬。自张惠言等所谓常州词派考兴,而词之意境,究竟如何,遂成问题矣。张氏曰,“词必合《风》、《骚》之体,用比、兴之法,不然,则荡而不反,傲而不理,枝而不物。”所谓</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">荡”与</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">傲”</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">与</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">枝</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,诚然乃词家之三弊,但济此之弊,一“真</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">字己</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">足。若于《风》、《骚》、比、兴,泥以“必合”“必用</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">则于三弊之外,又将多一“泥而不化”之弊也。后来周济变</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">其说曰,</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">夫人感物而动,兴有所托,未必咸本庄雅</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">要在讽诵紬绎,归诸中正,辞不害志,人不废言,虽乖谬庸劣,纤微委琐,苟可驰喻比类,翼声究实,吾皆乐取,无苛责焉。”又曰</span><span lang="EN-US">:"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《夫词非寄托不入,专寄托不出。”又曰:</span><span lang="EN-US"> "</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">初学词求有寄托,有寄托则表里相宣,斐然成章</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">既成格调,求无寄托,无寄托则指事类情,仁者见仁,智者见智。</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">盖驰喻尤贵能比其类,翼声要必究其实。如此虽卑近亦可取</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">较之高远而不拟其类,深美而不符其实者为佳也。因是知词法分明有并立者两种在,即</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">有寄托</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">与</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">无寄托”是,且无所谓</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">初学</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">与</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">学成”之别也。周氏之旨,自较通达,必如此然后词方不至于泥而不化,不至于失真,不至于坠入隐语、迷语之恶趣,而词之意境方得保其真实与自然也。</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">确定一词之意境,有三准则焉,</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃作者之身世,</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃全词之措辞,</span><span lang="EN-US">(</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乃词外之本事。常州词派谓温庭筠之</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">菩萨蛮</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">与《离骚》同一宗旨,但考温氏并无屈原之身世,而此词又无切实之本事,则“新贴绣罗襦,双双金鹧鸪</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,绝非</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《离骚》初服之意,仅不过因鹧鸪之双飞,制襦之人乃兴起自身孤独之感耳,与上文弄妆迟懒,花面交映之旨实一贯,此就全词之措辞,可以定其意境者也。又若辛弃疾</span><span lang="EN-US">[</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">菩萨蛮</span><span lang="EN-US">]</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">江晚正愁予,山深闻鹧鸪</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,鹧鸪愁闻,若谓仅寻常之鸣禽兴感,则以副上文之行人多泪,长安可怜,岂不太觉浅率</span><span lang="EN-US">?</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">顾当时金人确有在造口追逐隆祐御舟之事实,然后知作者感慨之所在,而可以定此词之意境矣。至于罗大经谓鹧鸪之鸣,乃指恢复之业行不得也,又未免过矣。故拟定一词之意境,必于以上三种标准均无所碍,方属可信,若三者有一于此为不合,则未容强有所执也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">曲中意境明显,虽不成问题,但亦有两层,必须注意,第一,元曲中每有读去觉其平庸无味者,或过于其率,嫌其浅陋者,或因有方言俚语,不知其用意何在者,若放开主观,或略加细心以后,则所感便自不同,此等处不可深负古人也。第二,曲既尽情直述者多,而不尚比、兴,故存嘲骂,而无讽刺。乃至明人,好借传奇之体,作个人寻仇洩恨之具,大者文祸一旦而兴,小者疑案百年不决</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">于是清明坦荡之文章,一堕而入邪魔恶道,元人之天机一片,妩媚烂漫之姿,真切淳厚之志,至是乃戕斫殆尽,而曲乃于斯大敝矣</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;">!</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">总之,无论何种文字,皆所以达意,皆贵达作者真意。词虽尚沉郁顿挫,有不能不吐,又不能尽吐之势,要其所吐与所未吐者,确有意境在,确只有一种意境在,则可以断定也。曲既是明白说话,则更宜保其衷朴而勿坠,又何必荆棘横生,机械百出歟</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;">?</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">至词曲之意境,所以有隐显之判,截然不同者,亦其性质使然,可以参阅下节。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">七</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">性质</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词静而曲动;词敛而曲放;词纵而曲横</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词深而曲广;词内旋而曲外旋;词阴柔而曲阳刚;词以婉约为主,别体则为豪放;曲则豪放为主,别体则为婉约</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词尚意内言外;曲竟为言外而意亦外——此词曲精神之所异,亦即其性质之所异也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词合用文言,曲合用白话。同一白话,词与曲之所以说者,其途径与态度亦各异。曲以说得急切透辟,极情尽致为尚;不但不宽弛,不含蓄,且多冲口而出,若不能待者</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">用意则全然暴露于词面,用比、兴者并所比所兴亦说明无隐:此其态废为迫切,为坦率,恰与词处相反地位。为欲极情尽致之故,乃或将所写情致,引为自已所有,现身说法,如其人之口吻以描摹之</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">或明为他人之情致,则自己退居旁观地位,以唱叹出之,或以调侃出之</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">此琪途径为代言,为评赞,又皆词之所不有者也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">更详言二者内容之一深一广也,则有四点——</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">第一,词仅宜抒情写景,而不宜记事,曲则记叙、抒写皆可。盖寻常词中,一经叙事,辄觉义止于事,有伤浅直,虽特殊之工者,典言外之意,亦终不如融情化景者之厚也。词不但不能叙事,并议论亦不多能发,多发则易流于野放,而不见婉约沉郁之致矣。惟曲不然,虽小令中,亦有演故事者,并不需有科白以为引带,但曲文本身,尽可纪言叙动,初无害于其文字之工耳。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">第二,词仅宜于悲,而不宜于喜,曲则悲喜兼至,情致极放。韵文之内容,莫大于抒情,顾词之为词,非意内而言外不为工,而欢乐之情,每每言外即无他意可属。大概词中一为情意欣喜之篇,颂祷揄扬之作,辄觉不耐咀嚼与寻绎,勉强为之,不碍体韵,即伤气格。此所以大雅之词集中,必不多存寿词,不仅以典为酬应之作而少之也。至于曲则不然</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">得机趣者即为工,玩味曲者,亦绝无待于咀嚼寻绎。机趣相投,一触而得,愁固随以蹙额颦眉,欢亦从而手舞足蹈。惟其言欢志喜,亦初无害于文字之工,然后庆祝、颂赞,乃亦成曲家可以有为之事矣。且元代曲家,志趣大抵乐天,虽极颓唐、极危苦之境,亦必以极放旷、极兴会之语出之。满纸豪情万丈,令人神旺。故推崇词体者犹可以借源本</span>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《风》《骚》为辞,若推崇曲者,则独不可以此为附会,盖曲之内容、实有一种绝对乐天之旨趣在其中也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">第三,词仅可以雅而不可以俗,可以纯而不可以杂,曲则雅俗俱可,无所不容,意志极阔也。孙麟趾谓</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">牛鬼蛇神,诗中不忌,词则大忌</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">,若在曲中,则大不忌。盖曲因动机、方法、作用种种,都纯任自然,故不问局面,雅俗并包,而内容遂阔。词则一切以雅为归,即不啻以雅为局面;借雅写俗者有之,借俗写雅者未闻。故曲系</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">自然化”,词则</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">雅化</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">也。即以题目而论</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词集中若有</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">春景”,</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">夏景”,</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">闺情”,“送别”等题,则鲜不为后来作家笑者,意此类字面实浅俗不成题目也。必也,如南宋姜夔等于撰词之外,并刻意撰题,字斟旬酌,成一种清腴峭拨之小品文字者方合。若在曲,则满眼所见者,不但</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">春景”、</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">闺情”等俱是题目,即</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">王大姐浴房中吃打”,</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">“长毛小狗”,</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">“由手三指”,“大桌上睡觉”,“穿破靴”等,亦俱缀于</span>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">调名之下为题,毫不为怪也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">第四,词仅宜于庄,而不宜于谐,曲则庄谐杂出,态度</span>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">较活也。词中最忌打油俳体,或纤巧轻滑。曲家之视俳体与非俳体,则初无轩轾,且俳体之格势极多,制作不穷,几占全部著述之半。所以致此者,盖曲之初创,本属一种游戏文字,填实民间已传之音调,茶余酒后,以资笑乐者耳,初非同于庙堂之乐章,亦无所谓风诗之比、兴也。及关马乔张之辈继出,胡侍所渭皆终其身沉抑下僚,郁郁不得志者,激而愤世,放而玩世,乃利用此不关紧要之曲休,以供其嬉笑怒骂,嘲讥戏谑,而俳体盛矣。词之初兴,亦同是一种游戏小文,惟创导者之时会,承袭者之人材,有别于曲,遂终形成其端谨严密之体,就中情态之弛,至调笑而已甚,若再进而嘲谑,则大非分矣。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">魏伯子论南北曲性质之异,略谓南曲如抽丝,北曲如轮枪</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">南曲如南风,北曲如北风;南曲如酒,北曲如水;南曲自然者如美人淡妆素服,文士羽扇纶巾,北曲自然者如老僧世情物价,老农晴雨桑麻</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">南曲柳颤花摇,北曲水落石出</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">南曲如珠落玉盘,北曲如金戈铁弓。诸语固深中南北曲之奥窔,若将南曲易为词,则亦异常贴切,夫然后词曲间性质之别,乃益为明著,而词与南曲之关系,亦可以想见矣。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">八</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">派别</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">求词与曲共有之派别,则下列数种是也——</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">一</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">南与北</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词曲在源流上,如人物、地理、政治等,均有关系;若于派别</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">则地理一层,尤觉有关,即南北之分是也。曲之分别南北,音乐方面无论矣,即文字方面,亦复与音乐相应合,显呈刚柔两派。曲如此无论矣。即词亦复如是。盖词以两宋为极盛,而两宋之分,端在南北</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">一都汴梁,一都建康,风土不同,人情有异,发为声音。演成文字,亦随之以殊。唐五代词,虽不在此范围以内,要其声音之始,自胡乐变来</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">胡人北居,其文字之近于北派,亦不能掩耳。</span><span lang="EN-US"> (</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">二</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">约与放</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">前节性质之中己言之</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词主婉约,而曲主豪放,且又互易其所主者以为辅,于是词中亦不免有豪放,而曲中亦不免有婉约也。词中同一婉约,见于唐五代宋小词者,与见于两宋慢词者又不同:盖一则辞意兼约以为深婉,一则敷辞托意以为深婉也。豪放之在曲,盖有二义</span><span lang="EN-US">:</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">一乃意境超脱,一乃遣辞驰骋,均是放也。词中之有豪放,词境因以阔大。苏轼辛弃疾作,多入词之高境,而于词之准则,深厚含蓄,初无背偭。曲中婉约,比较为然耳,只见于所谓清丽一派中之一部分,于曲之大体无甚关系,不若豪放之在词者为足重矣。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">三</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">华与质</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">前节性质中所谓词合用文言,曲合用白</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">话,此处所谓华与质之分,并非完全即文言与白语之异,盖</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">文与话中,又各有华质之别也。温庭筠韦庄词之华,文言</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">也;李煜词之质,亦文言;张可久曲之清疏雅俊,华也;</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">乔吉曲之熔铸凡俗,亦华也。《华间集》之华,镂金错采而</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">己,《乐府补题》之华,则运典使事矣。《西厢记》之画</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">甚,犹是生香活色也,《浣纱》、</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《玉块》诸记之渲染,则浓</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">盐赤酱矣——华之不同,有如是者。黄庭坚石孝友之引俚语</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">入词,终未觉其有是处</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">李清照之为白话,间有“触着”与</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">“自然”之妙,而终不免浅露之嫌</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">若小说笔记之中,间有</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">白描之作,则又多入曲境。既入曲境,则无往而不可,只见</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">有不能质、不善质者,未见有伤于质者——质之不同,有如</span>
</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">是者。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> (</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">四</span><span lang="EN-US">)</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">律与文</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">以律为重,以文就律者,一派也</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">以文</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">为重,以律就文者,又一派也。词中苏、辛,当时人即以为其作多不合律,虽逞才情,于文为盛,而究非当行。昆腔作后,沈璟专门倡律,绳墨该严</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">而汤显祖则只知有文字,笔意所到,宁可拗折天下人之嗓子。此其最著者也。夫</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">律</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">与</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">文</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">二者,即词曲之所构成者也;</span>
<span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">于此致力有所轻重,则派别分矣。南与北者,即律之派别也</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">约与放,华与质者,即文之派别也。此处律与文之对峙,盖又其根木上两种不同之发达趋而耳。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">总之</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">:</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">约者往往用华,而精细于律。此两派之大概也</span><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">放者往往用质,而驰骋于文,此北派之大概也。倘吾人视词曲皆为长短句之合乐韵文一个范围中物,则何分于</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词</span><span lang="EN-US">"?</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">何分于</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">曲</span><span lang="EN-US">"?</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">亦不过南北之两派而己。南人之曲,实近于词,而北人之词,实近于曲矣。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%; TEXT-ALIGN: left;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">九</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; COLOR: red; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">余意</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">前人合词曲两事作通解者,鲜有其书。若以一人而兼究词曲两事,各有所表见者,则前有王世贞之《词评》《曲藻》,继有李渔之《窥词管见》与《闲情偶寄》,后有刘熙载《艺概》中之兼概词曲。近人王国维《宋元戏曲史》出,始沟通词曲之界,而加以一贯之叙论。王氏于戏曲以外,又兼有《人间词话》</span><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《录曲余谈》等作;姚华《菉漪室曲话》中亦有将词曲合观以后之所得;惜皆琐屑陈词,无都条理。故通解所在,前人无多发明,要学者亲自体会于其间而自为钩稽其端绪也。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">若词曲分科,择一而事,则最要或最易得而比较合用之书,各举五种如下</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">词</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《花间集》</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">后蜀赵崇祚选</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《宋词三百首》</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">近人未祖谋选</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《词律》</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">清万树等编</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《词林正韵》</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">清戈载编</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《白雨斋词话》</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">清陈廷焯著</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">曲</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US"> </span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《太平乐府》</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">元杨朝英选</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《元曲选》</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">明臧懋循选</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《九宫大成谱》</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">清周祥钰等编</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《宋元戏曲史》</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">近人王国维著</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span lang="EN-US" style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"> </span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">《顾曲塵谈》</span><span lang="EN-US"> </span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">近人吴梅著其他专门词曲研究之重要书目,甚为繁琐,非此处所宜列。</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" align="left" style="MARGIN: 7.8pt 0cm; TEXT-INDENT: 26.25pt; LINE-HEIGHT: 150%;"><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">研究词曲,虽只有合并研究与分别研究两途可言,若实际从事词曲之业,则其事业甚多。于文字有欣赏、批评、选录、编纂、制作五事;于牌调有编纂、考证二事</span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt;"><span lang="EN-US">;</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">于音谱有制谱、合乐、歌唱三事,于搬演有考证、演习二事。此中境界,亦正广阔,前人每有穷毕身之力,未能尽其一端者,</span><span lang="EN-US"> "</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">小道</span><span lang="EN-US">""</span><span style="FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">末技</span><span lang="EN-US">"</span></span><span style="FONT-SIZE: 11pt; FONT-FAMILY: 宋体;">之见解,终是不知者之言耳。以言致用,词则离开社会愈远,仅供少数文人之陶写而已;若曲因昆腔犹存,未尽绝响,而字句活泼,拍合语调,体制广阔,无所拘限,犹能用前人之声,洩今人之蕴,而动众人之情,故在今后文艺上之地位,应不仅仅于欣赏旧篇,传歌陈谱而已也,是在有志者之提倡与致力耳。</span></p></span></font></font> |
|